What is the function of FGF8?
The FGF8 gene provides instructions for making a protein called fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8). This protein is part of a family of proteins called fibroblast growth factors that are involved in many processes, including cell division, regulation of cell growth and maturation, and development before birth.
What is ZPA limb development?
The zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is an area of mesenchyme that contains signals which instruct the developing limb bud to form along the anterior/posterior axis. Limb bud is undifferentiated mesenchyme enclosed by an ectoderm covering. Eventually, the limb bud develops into bones, tendons, muscles and joints.
What is the name of the gene that regulates limb growth?
BMP4 (gene locus 14q22–q23) regulates the formation of limbs from the mesoderm and BMP7 (gene locus location: 20q13) is important in osteoblast differentiation and the induction of SMAD1 expression. BMP2 and BMP7, under the influence of Shh, play a crucial role in digit identity and formation.
What produces FGF?
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell signalling proteins produced by macrophages; they are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development in animal cells. Any irregularities in their function lead to a range of developmental defects.
What creates Fgf8 gradient?
The [Fgf8] gradient is determined by three independent factors: [Fgf8] at the source; the amount of Fgf8 protein in the gradient (the amplitude); and the rate at which [Fgf8] decays with increasing distance from the source (the decay).
What is the role of Shh in limb development?
Shh has also been shown to control the width of the limb bud by stimulating mesenchyme cell proliferation and by regulating the antero-posterior length of the apical ectodermal ridge, the signaling region required for limb bud outgrowth and the laying down of structures along the proximo-distal axis (e.g., shoulder to …
Where do limb buds originate from?
Limb development begins when mesenchyme cells proliferate from the somatic layer of the limb field lateral plate mesoderm (limb skeletal precursors) and from the somites (limb muscle precursors; Figure 16.3) These cells accumulate under the epidermal tissue to create a circular bulge called a limb bud.
What do FGF receptors do?
During the development of the central nervous system, FGFs play important roles in neural stem cell proliferation, neurogenesis, axon growth, and differentiation.