What causes CRAO?
Emboli dislodged from the carotid artery are the most common cause of CRAO, from either an unstable atherosclerotic plaque or a cardiac source. Embolism, as follows: Cholesterol is the most common type, but it can also be from calcium, bacteria, or talc from intravenous drug use.
What is CRAO?
When 1 of the vessels that carry blood to your eye’s retina gets blocked, you can lose your eyesight. This problem often happens suddenly and without any pain. This is called a central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO).
What causes the cherry red spot in CRAO?
The causes of the cherry-red spot include: Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) – The characteristic presentation of this disease is sudden onset unilateral visual loss in an elderly male or female. The usual cause is an embolism, which blocks the central retinal artery.
Why is CRAO an emergency?
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ocular emergency and is the ocular analogue of cerebral stroke. It results in profound, usually monocular vision loss, and is associated with significant functional morbidity.
What is the treatment for CRAO?
Table 1: Treatment Options for CRAO
| TREATMENT | MECHANISM OF ACTION |
|---|---|
| IV methylprednisolone | Reduce retinal edema, only given in arteritic CRAO |
| IV or intra-arterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) | Thrombolytic therapy to dissolve clot |
| Hyperbaric oxygen therapy | Increase blood oxygen tension |
| Surgery/Procedures |
Can CRAO be cured?
You are also at higher risk if your blood is thicker and stickier than normal. Central retinal artery occlusion needs prompt medical attention. Treatment choices include fluid release, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and clot-busting medicines. None of these treatments are proven to be helpful for all patients.
How is CRAO diagnosed?
A CRAO diagnosis is based on recognizing its clinical features from the patient history and ocular examination. CRAO presents as sudden nonpainful visual loss in one eye, with a Snellen VA of counting fingers or worse in 74% of patients. Ocular findings are based upon fundoscopy, fluorescein angiography, and OCT.
What kind of disease is Tay-Sachs?
Tay-Sachs disease is a rare, neurodegenerative disorder in which deficiency of an enzyme (hexosaminidase A) results in excessive accumulation of certain fats (lipids) known as gangliosides in the brain and nerve cells.
Is CRAO rare?
The incidence of CRAO is 1:100,000, with more than 75% of sufferers having a visual acuity of 20/400 or worse in the affected eye, causing significant functional morbidity.
Can you regain vision after CRAO?
Even after treatment, your eyesight may not get better. A disease that is like CRAO is branch retinal artery occlusion. This is a blockage in one branch of the arteries that brings blood to your retina. With this form of the disease, recovery is more likely.
Are there any genetic or environmental factors associated with schizophrenia?
Although the etiology of schizophrenia remains unknown, risk factors associated with the development of the disease include both genetic and environmental factors. Schizophrenia is clearly familial. Family, twin, and adoption studies provide strong evidence that schizophrenia is highly heritable.
What is the role of Physiology in schizophrenia?
The physiology of schizophrenia includes complex genetic and environmental interactions. Current treatment largely focuses on positive symptoms, but many patients with schizophrenia present with additional symptoms and conditions that hinder their social and occupational functioning.
Where can I find the biology of schizophrenia?
The biology of schizophrenia La biologia de la esquizofrenia La biologie de la schizophrénie Carol A. Tamminga, MD* Carol A. Tamminga, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md, USA;
Is the mesolimbic da system associated with schizophrenia?
The hypothesis holds that psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions are associated with hyperactivity of the mesolimbic DA system.